Nihilism in Crime and Punishment Essay - 612 Words

Themes of Nihilism in Crime and Punishment Nihilism is one of the most difficult philosophies to accurately define because of its ambiguous nature. In its simplest form, one might consider it an extremely pessimistic form of skepticism in which the individual discounts even the idea of existence. Therefore, to a nihilist, all values, relationships, authority, beliefs, and emotions are baseless and empty. First popularized in Ivan Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons in 1862, nihilism is associated with a revolutionary movement that occurred in Russia from 1814 to 1876. The principles of nihilism often can be linked with those of utilitarianism, existentialism, and anarchism. Dostoevsky demonstrates his aversion to this philosophy through†¦show more content†¦Throughout the story we are shown that he is not above the emotions and guilt that are the basic human reactions to an action as extreme as murder. His downfall comes because of this very fact, as he mentally and physical ly deteriorates under the stress of his culpability. His arrogance is proven to be the unfounded and foolhardy ideas of one who is truly a deeply insecure and unstable person (though Raskolnikov never truly realizes this). Through Raskolnikov’s exemplification of the impracticality of this principle\, Dostoevsky makes his greatest point in Crime and Punishment. His commentary on the subject seeks to discredit the theory in the circumstance of an individual â€Å"superman† by displaying Raskolnikov as a character who is difficult for readers to identify with because of his inanity. Even Raskolnikov’s name is a symbol of nihilistic ideas, the word â€Å"raskol† meaning schism in Russian, illustrating the shift from an older school of thought (social utopianism) to a darker philosophy: nihilism and utilitarianism. Raskolnikov seems to fluctuate back and forth between the two philosophies, acting on one and then mentally chastising himself for it, immediately and almost erratically changing his mind. This symbolizes the more human side of him strugglingShow MoreRelatedExposing Nihilism in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1706 Words   |  7 Pages A paragon of realist literature, Fyodor Dostoevsky deftly exposes nihilism in his novel, Crime and Punishment, published in 1866. Its protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, is intelligent yet bitter and unfeeling, having denounced his morality and bonds with society. He embodies the qualities of nihilism, the desertion of all emotional and ethical concerns. This philosophical doctrine is historically ubiquitous, particularly with the Nihilist Movement, one of Imperial Russia’s Great Reforms, and the growingRead MoreCrime and Punishment: Dostoevskys Portrayal of Anti-Nihilism 1443 Words   |  6 PagesThis became known as Nihilism. According to Whitney Eggers on Philosophies in Crime and Punishment, Nihilists argued that there was a distinction between the weak and the strong, and that in fact the strong had a right to trample over the weak (Eggers). Nihilism is commonly linked to utilitarianism, or the idea that moral decisions should be based on the rule of the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. Raskolnikov, the protagonist in Crime and Punishment, is a Nihilist, whichRead MoreThe Bolshevik Revolution and its Relation to Crime and Punishment1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bolshevik Revolution and its Relation to Crime and Punishment The novel, Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky follows an ex-student, Raskolnikov, through his mental struggles in great psychological detail after he commits murder without reason. Raskolnikov’s mental instability is a parallel to Russia’s long history of unstable and poorly designed government systems. To better understand the events that led up to radical and Slavophile movements in Russia, and to better understandRead MoreFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Notes From The Underground, And The Idiot1713 Words   |  7 PagesFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was a Russian novelist and philosopher best known for his novels Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, Notes From the Underground, and The Idiot. He used his works to learn about the social customs and movements of nineteenth-century Russia, and also to explore himself and gain a deeper understanding of his life. Dostoevsky’s personal life experiences and the philosophical movements of hi s time influenced his works by shaping the subjects he discussed and theRead More Crime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, We Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthis gift of vision, he must remain isolated for eternity. Crime and Punishment (1886), by Fyodor Dostoevsky, depicts a poverty stricken young man who discovers a revolutionary theory of the mind of a criminal. Despite his psychological insight, Raskolnikov is alienated from society, and eventually forced to test his theory upon himself. Ivan Turgenev’s Bazarov, in Fathers and Sons (1862), pioneers the anarchistic philosophy of nihilism, depending entirely on science and reason, but ends up fallingRead MoreThe Harsh Reality: Crime and Punishment Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagesliterature, Fyodor Dostoevsky harshly exposes nihilism in his novel, Crime and Punishment, published in 1866. He wields his knowledge of social psychology and pathology to weave the cautionary tale, borrowing liberally from his personal life. Its pr otagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, is intelligent yet bitter and unfeeling, embodying the qualities of nihilism, the desertion of one or more meaningful aspects of life. The philosophical doctrine of nihilism is historically ubiquitous, particularly with theRead MoreCrime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, We1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthis gift of vision, he must remain isolated for eternity. Crime and Punishment (1886), by Fyodor Dostoevsky, depicts a poverty stricken young man who discovers a revolutionary theory of the mind of a criminal. Despite his psychological insight, Raskolnikov is alienated from society, and eventually forced to test his theory upon himself. Ivan Turgenevs Bazarov, in Fathers and Sons (1862), pioneers the anarchistic philosophy of nihilism, depending entirely on science and reason, but ends up fallingRead MoreTheme Of Guilt In Crime And Punishment830 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversal emotion that many feel after crime, wrongdoing or simple acts of unkindness. This is apparent in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment, where Rodion Raskolnikov’s growing remorse stems from the mediocrity he realizes in himself after he commits murder to test his Ubermensch-qualities. Rubbishing the thought of confessing and refusing to embrace his guilt, Dostoevsky uses Raskolnikov’s torn thoughts to explore the novel’s theme of revolution: he condemns nihilism as a way of coercing societalRead More Reason for the Weak1992 Words   |  8 Pagesaccept that which cannot be viewed. In such divergence, the concept of nihilism is often planted into the mind of those who are incapable of acknowledging human nature and the spiritual and natural laws of life. Nihilism, the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless can lead to chaos and suffering of a society. With Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky portrays that Russian nihilism, a philosophy based on extreme rationalism, will n ever successfullyRead MoreHaymarket Riots745 Words   |  3 Pageseight anarchists were convicted of crimes related to the massacre. Anarchists and anarchist groups were popping up throughout the country, many of them becoming involved in the issue of unionization. Unlike the workers who merely wanted a fair deal and a safe work place, the anarchists wanted general chaos. They did not believe in the government and were devoted to destroying authority in all capacities (Nelson 1988, page 189). They were responsible for many crimes in the country, most famously perhaps

Letter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

A Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, while incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. His use of ethos induces understanding as to why King does civil disobedience. Before the letter even begins to describe the injustice present in Birmingham and all over America at the time; there was background information given to the audience to give an idea of who Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was. It stated that King did his â€Å"undergraduate work at Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania†¦and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.† Already giving King credibility to have insight on noticing and identifying the injustice in the world. Another example of Kings credibility, he begins to list his job and work in the second paragraph of A Letter from Birmingham Jail. He builds his credibility to avoid counterarguments against King about not experiencing the injustice while at the same time giving his reason as to why he was in Birmingham. King begins to describe the organization he was involved in,Show MoreRelatedAntigone And Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreA Comparison of Letter From Birmingham City Jail and I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1903 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; a letter written from a jail in Birmingham where he was arrested for demonstrating peacefully, to clergymen who didnt agree with his views, and I Have a Dream; a speech given by King in front of the Washington Memorial at a huge civil rights tea party. BothRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe melanin in their skin (King 2). Among these African Americans was the reverend, doctor, humanist, husband, and Civil Rights activist, Mr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King was a middle class, black man with a life-long devotion of implementing ethnic equality to African Americans nationwide. Following one of Rev. King’s peaceful protests in Birmingham, Alabama, he was jailed on accounts of â€Å"parading without a permit† (King 3). While in jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote a response to â€Å"A CallRead MoreEssay on Letter From Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr.742 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. one of many great influential speakers wrote a life changing letter after being arrested for peacefully protesting African American rights. While sitting in jail Dr. King received a letter from clergymen questioning his motives and ti mings for being in Birmingham. In a response Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. writes a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† vividly expressing physical and emotional purposes for his presence in Birmingham, AL. First, in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†Read MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail972 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Letter from a Birmingham Jail Racism is part of America’s history. Historical leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. brought the Injustice problems to the light. King, Jr. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail confronts racism in the United States of America through his response letter to the clergymen criticism, while he is in jail due to holding a protest in Birmingham, Alabama. King, Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† to defend the non-violent protest. He claims that the protestRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Is it not ironic that Martin Luther King Jr. s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, which testifies to his struggle for Civil Rights; not only contradicts the time Martin Luther King wrote it in, but also echoes the same sentiments of today’s moral causes and laws? . Dr. King (*) then known as Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter to Birmingham in response to his fellow clergymen’s criticisms of him being locked up for his actions in Birmingham’s Civil Rights protest. The letter’sRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were partRead MoreLetter From The Birmingham County Jail844 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Letter from the Birmingham County Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement was a time in which African Americans were setting out to end segregation, specifically in the south. During this time period, African Americans were treated unequally from the white people. African Americans were unable to eat in the same restaurants, shop in the same stores, or even drink out of the same drinking fountain. Dr. King had a vision that one day

How Diverse Learning Environment Shape University Students...

A learning environment is described as the totality of factors such as the different physical locations, cultures and contexts that students learn. The term ‘environment’ is used interchangeably but not to describe the physical locations which can be out of class or classroom settings as well as outdoor activities. When talking of the learning environment, of high interest is the diversion from the conventional connotations of a room with desks and a chalkboard. This definition is cognisant that students can learn in various ways and in different contexts because with learning, the aim is creating an environment that brings optimum learning capacity. However, there is no single learning environment that can be described as optimum but there are factors that contribute to such environments. Among these factors are diversity which requires appreciation of other cultural, social, ethnic, religious and other backgrounds by both the institution and students. In order to full appreciate diversity, it is important to break all forms of stereotypes that are the source of imbalances. This paper looks at how diverse learning environment shape university students learning experience. Introduction A learning environment as described above focuses or is a combination of factors such as locations, cultures and contexts which are aimed at enriching the academic, sociological and psychological growth of the student. When planning a learning environment, it is important to understand thatShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Educators Promote Diversity, And As A Result Improve Academic Outcomes1413 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds of a diverse student population continues to be a problem in American classrooms. â€Å"While the student population is rapidly becoming more diverse, the teaching force remains predominantly white, female, middle-class, and from a European heritage† (Lin, 2010). As a result, many teachers do not have the cultural background to connect and related to students from diverse populations. While a lack of cultural connection does not negate the abilities of teachers to provide their students with a qualityRead MoreAcademic Socialization : Differences And Challenge s1227 Words   |  5 PagesAdult ELLs’ Academic Socialization: Differences and Challenges Students who come from different academic, social, and cultural backgrounds have received different orientations towards literacy skills or the educational experience in general, which eventually influence their academic performance either as analytical readers, writers, class discussion participants, presenters, or note-takers. The multilingual and multicultural population of learners such as the ELLs comes to the English academic institutionsRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Philosophy Of Education1193 Words   |  5 Pagesevery child should receive high quality education that is inclusive, relevant and meaningful to their life. I am a firm believer of making pedagogy relatable to my students. My vision is driven by my personal experiences with the American school system. I was what is thought of as â€Å"A child at risk†. I am an immigrant, black, Muslim student. My life is complex as I am a part of multiple marginalized groups. Most of my teachers looked at me in a pity way. They always felt the need to feel sorry for meRead MoreLinda Cliatt Wayman Is A Poverty Stricken And Crime Ridden North Philadelphia High School1101 Words   |  5 Pages This year, I watched her Ted Talk as she explained how she reformed this low-performing school and tackled problems from garbage issues to funding for more teachers. She said, â€Å"We have to make sure that every school that serves children in poverty is a real school†¦that provides them with knowledge and mental training to navigate the world around them.† She imposed a â€Å"non negotiable† rule, which is a behavior based program that gave students more responsibility. It was proven to be effective whenRead MoreBackground And Introduction Of Kingsgrove High School875 Words   |  4 Pagesis a comprehensive, co-educational secondary public school in the Rockdale region. According to the data presented on the My School website, students are predominately from low socio-economic b ackgrounds with a below average school Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage (ICSEA) of 988 (Myschool, 2014). Kingsgrove High School also has 85% of students with Language Backgrounds Other Than English (Myschool, 2014). More than half of the total regional population (54.4%) speaks a language otherRead MoreHigher Education Is The Foundation For Critical Thinking.Critical1154 Words   |  5 PagesHigher education is the foundation for critical thinking. Critical thinking leads students into making important goals so that they can achieve them successfully. With higher education allowing students to be successful, it creates a great pattern on how students learn more effectively. Students are now learning how to use different types of trends as a support system that gives them a higher level with the way he or she thinks. Higher education has a special commitment with critical thinkingRead MoreUnequal City : Race, Schools, And Perceptions Of Injustice Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesColumbia University—was interviewed for her book Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice. The article argues that Shedd’s book suggests schools may be more powerful engines of adolescents’ place in society than their neighborhoods. The study the article presents follows four students from 2001 to 2011 at four Chicago public schools. The students were between 14-17 years of age and two of the four schools were largely segregated. Specifically, one had no white or Asian students. TheRead MoreEducation Values Are The Cornerstone Of The Student Learning Process863 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Garfolo and Huillier (2015), â€Å"Education values are the cornerstone of the student learning process and as such these values need to be clearly articulated to ensure that an inclusive and transparent process of learning assessment can take place† (p. 152). Institutional accreditation encompasses the whole institution whereas; specialized accreditation includes 50 fields of specialization. There are six regional agencies located in United States responsible for accrediting institutionsRead MoreCompare/Contrast Standards1738 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: COMPARING TEACHER STANDARDS Comparing Teacher Standards Jennifer A. Young Grand Canyon University SPE- 529N Special Education Foundations and Frameworks 03/21/11 Comparing Teacher Standards | State Specific Standards amp; NCLB | NBPTS | CEC | INTASC | Teacher Qualifications | CONTENT KNOWLEDGE amp; SKILL-Teachers have in-depth understanding of the content they plan to teach.-Teachers provide multiple explanations and instructional strategies.-Teachers are leaders and mentorsRead MoreBarbara Sizemore : An Effective School System Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesincome African American students (Bradley, 1996). She implemented several educational tactics, such as the development of the teacher and new school policies to create the school achievement structure program (Bradley, 1996). To enhance the learning experience of the African Americans and low income students, Sizemore made the school system suitable for all types of students. She did not strive to accelerate and advance the educational environment of the African American student body exclusively, but

Effectiveness of Religious Rehabilitation Sample for Students

Question: Discuss the Religious, Psychological and Social aspects of Terrorist Rehabilitation and Identify the Limitations of this Counterterrorist approach and strategy. Answer: Terrorism in the recent past has been associated with religion more so the Islamic faith. Most terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda, Jihad and Islamic state in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are mainly comprised of young people who have been swayed by the wrong interpretation of the Quran by religious extremists (Roberts, 2011, pp. 365-382). These groups believe that killing those that are not of the faith is allowed and is beneficial to them. Singapore as a country has suffered from terror attacks and any other country in the world. Terrorism has, therefore, become a global threat. As a country destined to development, it has opened its borders for profitable trades, but instead, the borders have become porous for recruitment of terrorists into the country and outside. The state is tasked to find a solution to the growing number of terrorists to save the moral fabric of its society and economic well-being. Achieving this; the country has come up with a way to harmonize all the religious groups in the country. Singapore is one of the countries with a vast number of religious groups and races. Religious Rehabilitation Groups (RGG's) have been initiated to help in the process of bringing back sanity in the society (El-Said, 2015). The RGG's in conjunction with partner organizations such as Khadijah Mosque, Council for the Development of Singapore Malay/ Muslim Community (Mendes), the Singapore Malay Youth Library Association (Taman Bacaan) and Association of Muslim Professionals (AMP) have initiated a program for terrorism detainees. More than 80 people have been detained about terror attack since 2003.Together with Muslim leaders spearheaded by Ustaz Ali Haji Muhammad and UstazMuhammad HasbiHassan, the RGG took counseling services to detainees. They are helped to learn that no one is born a terrorist and there is a second chance for them in the society. Regular sessions are being held in prisons by the Muslim officials to elaborate to the detainees some of the most misinterpreted Muslim concepts and contradicting doctrines in the religion. Also, the families of these prisoners have been supported financially and morally to show care and love to them. Many are willing to change from the counseling. It has been reported that almost two-thirds of the detainees have been released and are now part of the society. RRG could not have achieved this alone; several groups have joined the movement. They include; the Singapore Islamic Scholars and Religious Council of Singapore (Muis), Islamic Scholars and Religious Teachers Association (Perga).On the other hand, some detainees are not receptive to the counselors since they think that the RRG is being financed by the government. Some have changed, and the program is becoming fruitful. When the detainees are released from prison, the society becomes receptive to them and is given a second chance. The integration process is not just a walk in the park, some have been rejected. The government has initiated a program to help bring back these people to the society and be acceptable to everyone. Public education is being conducted in every constituency to enlighten citizens on the benefits of such actions. Religious leaders from both ends come together to educate their people to bring a religious harmony (Farmer, J. F. (2014, pp. 198). Reports have indicated that a significant number of those that get involved in terror activities are the youths. Avoiding this, the kids have been engaged constructively and are being educated and enlightened so that they avoid extremism. In an international conference on terrorist rehabilitation and community resilience, Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf suggested that the solution to extremism calls for both the government and the non-governmental organizations to work together. Such a partnership is most effective in countering terrorism. Multiple factors draw youths to extremism that need to be looked into to combat the above problem. Such factors include; political grievances, economic constraints and lack of opportunities. Ideally, the rehabilitation process should encompass the ideological misconceptions of Islam, their physical, personal and communal needs and categorizes them as beneficiaries, not a terrorist. The above approaches can psychologically impress on them in a way that they realize that they are not marginalized by the community. By encouraging the act of submission to God, young people can understand what it means to be Muslim is and that Islam is a religion of peace (Capell, Sahliyeh, 2007). There have been limitations of this counter terrorist approach and strategy. A report by Ms. Rosleenda Mohammad Ali in the international conference on terrorist rehabilitation and community resilience revealed challenges that the psychologist counselors faced. They had hardcore detainees who were resistant to change and are deeply entrenched to radical and violent ideologies (Gunaratna, Jerard, Nasir, 2013). Most of the detainees were rebellious and tended to see themselves as victims of perceived injustice. They only wanted revenge and could settle for nothing less. They were repulsive in that they disliked the secular environment and viewed it as sin. A few cases of revulsion are reported by the Singapore government. The detainees further believed that anyone who does not defend Muslim is an enemy and therefore gave deaf ears to the counselors. The rehabilitation process, therefore, becomes difficult due to the set minds of most of the detainees. They perceive themselves as righteous and believe that they have the true' Islam (Becci, 2008). Another factor that makes the rehabilitation process more difficult is that the detainees and most of the people that have been radicalized believe that there is a reward after life they follow the true' Islam. These have misled a lot of individuals. Some have become totally resistant to rehabilitation. They say they will die for the faith. Detainees are not receptive to counseling and are holding on to the concept of tag dir (predestination) as an external source of rationalization for their present situation, and a means to absolve responsibility and control over their actions. Rehabilitation in Singapore is a work in progress, and the authorities are always on the lookout for new ways to improve the process (Ramakrishna, 2009, pp. 41-51). Singapore has a well-established network that is working to prevent further extremism. The work needs both the government and its citizen to join hands and say no to extremism and radicalization of the youths. All religious groups have to rise to the occasion and send a message of peace and harmony in the society as Singapore is made up of different religions and races. Since 2002, more than 60 people have been detained for involvement in terrorism-related activities. Measures have been put in place to reduce the number of such detainees (Vasu, 2008, pp. 17-32.) References Becci, I. (2008). Collapse and creation: the rise and fall of religion in East German offender rehabilitation programmes. Capell, M.B., Sahliyeh, E. (2007). Suicide Terrorism: Is Religion the Critical Factor?.Security Journal,20(4), 267-283. El-Said, H. (2015). Singapore: Crisis of Identity, Shared Values And Religious Rehabilitation. InNew Approaches to Countering Terrorism(pp. 138-173). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Farmer, J. F. (2014). Inmate Rehabilitation Revisited: Using Goffman and Perrow to Explain Constraints on Transformational Technologies in Prison.Journal of Social Science Studies,1(2), 198. Gunaratna, R., Jerard, J., Nasir, S. M. (Eds.). (2013).Countering Extremism: Building Social Resilience Through Community Engagement(Vol. 1). World Scientific. Ramakrishna, K. (2009). 'Counter?IdeologicalWork in Singapore: A Preliminary Assessment.Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism,4(2), 41-51. Roberts, C. (2011). Region and identity: The many faces of Southeast Asia.Asian Politics Policy,3(3), 365-382. Vasu, N. (2008). (En) countering terrorism: multiculturalism and Singapore.Asian Ethnicity,9(1), 17-32.