How were Spartans different from Athens essays

How were Spartans different from Athens essays This is a comparing on two city-states in Greece. In Greece Sparta and Athens were different in so many ways such as in religion, government, culture, beliefs, education etc. Athens and Spartans were two major city-states in Greece These two city-states were very different from each other in many ways because they were seperated from each other by low rugged mountains and Athens was located in northeast of sparta and Sparta was located in the South Central region of Greece known as the Peloponnesus. The Athenians had a democracy and Athens was first ruled by one king but in 750 B.C. some Athen noble merchant and manufacturer took over, Spartans had a military aristocracy they was once ruled by one king but in 800 B.C., Aristorals or nobles took over the government and from that time Sparta had two kings. Athens government was a direct democracy. citizens had the right to make and vote on laws. Citizens served on jury. Sparta government was an oligarchy and one man ruled. Citizens had no right to make laws and ther e was no jury system. Spartans military was very important to them because at seven boys were sent to military camps, and were treated very badly and men were expected to marry at 18, Athens men were expected to be citizens by 18 and from seven boys were taught mathematics, writng, and music. ...

Victoria Ann Essays (628 words) - Fiction, Divergent Trilogy

Victoria Ann Essays (628 words) - Fiction, Divergent Trilogy Victoria Ann Mrs. Howard-Kongolo English 10 HN pd. 1 February 18 , 2016 1984 Standards Focus Draft George Orwell's 1984 occurs in an exceedingly restrained society in which the government uses a variety of technological and propagandist tools to monitor and manipulate its citizens. The book shows themes in the movie Divergent by the way the people of the society are obligated to listen to the government and anyone who opposes to do so are punished and killed. For example, Winston is constantly having illegal thoughts because he is one of the few that realizes the Party's abnormality whereas everyone else views it as a normal routine. In the movie , the society is divided up into factions and the government requires the people through a series of tests to see which faction their personalities match up with the best. Divergents are the rarest forms of people because their personalities contain the characteristics of all 5 factions. The government requires that everyone must belong to a certain faction so that they stay in their place and have no tho ughts of throwing hands. Contrarily, Divergents question the system in which the government rules by , resulting them to act upon rebellious thoughts. They don't like citizens doubting them because of the reason being that they're afraid of the idea that the people could overrule them. Winston, in this case, is Divergent because of the w ay he hates the Party and the rules he must follow. He knows that what the party is doing is wrong and is tired of having to constantly do as they say. In 1984, Winston finds Julia, a woman who turns into his lover as the book progresses. They both have a desire to rebel against the government because of the reason being that they both hate the Party. In the movie, the main character, Tris, discovers Tobias is also Divergent and fall in love. B oth Tris and Tobias fight against the government because they both know that the government is corrupt. The movie and the book are similar because of the way the government tries to get rid of anyone who clashes against their organization of ruling. The protagonists find themselves going against the government. For example, Tris finding out she belongs with the Divergents sets up on how the plot will play out as well as 1984. Also, the governments purpose of implementing these factions were told that they were for the citizens own good when in reality, it was set up for totalitarian rule. The authority tricked the people into thinking that they were on the citizen's side to lower any doubts or questions. They were secretive about getting rid of the rebels, such as Winston and Julia and the Divergents, because there was an increasing chance of the citizens seeing the bad things the government was putting people through and lead everyone else into rebellion. They were afraid of the idea that the people could understand what the Divergents were saying. Another similarity Divergent and 1984 had was that they both used the same type of tactic to torture the people . In 1984, Winston is tortured in Room 101 with a rat cage held to his face. "A sort of premonitory tremor, a fear of he was not certain what, he had passed through Winston as soon as he caught his first glimpse of the cage." (Orwell 253) The Party knew his biggest fear were rats so they used them to manipulate his thoughts about Big Brother . Similarly, in Divergent, the government tortures Tris by using her mother, overtaking her emotions and using the people she cherishes the most. They both tried to get the people to believe through fear and use what they love against them.

Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brazil - Essay Example It relies heavily on these renewable sources of energy for home and commercial purposes. These include solar, wind, and hydraulic energy systems. Brazil has subsidized the equipment required for the renewable energy installations such as the solar panels and wind turbines in order to encourage further use of renewable energy. This has greatly contributed to Brazil being self-reliant in terms of meeting its energy needs, which has, in turn, placed the economy at a vantage point to be able to take advantage of arising opportunities (International Labour Office., & International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011). Brazil, as a country, is richly equipped in terms of mineral resources. It has large reserves of natural gas, which are used in running cars and other machines. Brazil has the highest natural gas deposit than other countries. For example, it has coal reserves that are used in power stations and for operating trains (International Labour Office., & International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011). Additionally, it also produces Uranium used for the production of nuclear energy. Brazil is ranked as the twelfth in terms of oil production in the whole continent. In addition to the renewable sources of energy already in use, it also produces ethanol, which is a by-product of sugarcane that is used for running cars and other basic energy uses. Brazil sources all its energy from its reserves thus no need to source any energy source from outside, and this ensures its self-reliance. Brazil is highly industrialized because of the availability of local sources of energy thus making it the maj or powerhouse in the South American region (Diniz, 2014). The Brazilian population is significant in its strategic positioning as a nation. It has been on the steady increase over the recent years. This is essential for the provision of labour and market for goods produced. This has led to many investors choosing to do business in Brazil since it has better working

Job description and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job description and analysis - Essay Example On the other hand, removing Helen from the group may result in the loss of her exceptional knowledge and skills from the group. This leaves the Harmening’s first option whereby Katie can make efforts to smooth out the process. She needs to understand clearly the genesis of the problem through talking to the group members and encouraging them to raise particular issues that they think should be addressed. A careful analysis of the group’s responses will offer a good foundation towards smoothing out the process. Task analysis is necessary in this situation to determine the whether Helen is properly equipped to perform her tasks effectively. Without proper equipment and space, she may certainly desire to use other people’s working space which might be more appealing than her own. If she has all the requirements and doesn’t perform her tasks on time, then she needs to be asked to explain the reasons and also to be reminded to pay attention to the time limit for completion of the tasks. On the other hand, if her knowledge and skills demand greater responsibility, her tasks can be adjusted to keep her engaged in the extra time in which she has been roaming to co-workers (Harmening 175). Katie needs to develop a list of duties for all members of the group including Helen and to ensure that all of them understand their tasks and that no one should interfere with those of another person unless when asked to help. Interaction within the group should be aimed at increasing efficiency a nd not lowering the speed of performing tasks (Harmening 177). All employees need to understand the employer’s expectations and hence a performance evaluation should not come as a surprise for Helen. Katie needs to make Helen understand the trend in the turnaround time since she joined the group. This revelation should enlighten Helen with regards to her role in this new development without causing her embarrassment

Discrimination Paper Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Paper Essay As you all probably know: discrimination is any situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on something other than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. These categories include ethnicity, sex, religion, age or disability. Discrimination can be thought of as favorable or unfavorable; however, today, â€Å"discrimination† is usually considered unfavorable. Racial discrimination, discrimination against women, and discrimination outside the United States, are some of the most common types of discrimination in the world. One of the most pervasive forms of discrimination in the United States is directed toward racial groups. There has always been conflict among the different races of people. The Constitution of the United States recognized the legality of slavery, the ultimate form of discrimination. Black males are one of the most common victims of discrimination. For example, a black male in the â€Å"ghetto† walks into a convenient store, the first thing that comes to the clerks mind is robbery or maybe even worse. African-Americans and other people of different races other than white have always been mistreated or judged just because of their color. Racial discrimination against Hispanic-Americans is also widespread. Employment, housing, and access to the judicial system is a problem for people other than whites. Asian-Americans also suffer discrimination. During World War II, the Japanese were forced to evacuate from the West Coast. American women have been victimized by discrimination in voting, employment, and other civil rights. Women were once known as â€Å"housewives†, and many men and women still think that is what a woman should be. Not only do people think women shouldn’t work, but they don’t think they should vote, serve on juries, or do anything else other than sit at home and do house work. In the late 160’s women organized to demand legal equality with men. They organized into the National Organization for Women and other groups for education, employment, and government. In 17, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was passed to the Constitution and submitted to the states for ratification. The ERA was suppose to eliminate legal discrimination against women, but it was not approved by the 18 deadline. Working toward the ERA built a skilled leadership of female politicians and lobbyists. Most nations practice discrimination against foreigners within their borders. It may be religious, such as Muslims against Jews, Protestants against Catholics; racial, or sexual discrimination, as in many countries where women have few rights. People in other countries are always fighting because of discrimination. International efforts to combat discrimination were minimal until the passage of the United Nations Charter in 145. The charter encourages â€Å"respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Discrimination causes great conflict among many people. Regardless of race, religion, sex, or any other characteristics, a person should not be discriminated. Discrimination is one of the reasons this country is falling apart. Every man and woman whether they are black, white, yellow or green should be able to equally do what ever they wish. Most people don’t realize that every person, color not mattering, came from the same place.

Native American Voices Know the Definition of Native American Essay ex

Many school children celebrate a clichà © Thanksgiving tradition in class where they play Indians and Pilgrims, and some children engage in the play of Cowboys vs. Indians. It is known that some died when colonization occurred, that some fought the United States government, and that they can be boiled down to just another school mascot. This is what many people understand of the original inhabitants of America. Historical knowledge of these people has been shallow and stereotyped. The past 150 years has given birth to a literate people now able to record their past, present, and future. Native American literature, as it evolves, defines the Native American culture and its status in the world, as an evolving people, more so than any historical account can. Before colonization, the Native Americans used oral traditions to teach, remember, entertain, and pray. Much of this knowledge was lost because of various reasons. After translation became an option some of these were written down. This is the beginning of Native American literature, the becoming of sound into word. A major pattern of distrust for the white man’s words are evident in this beginning of their literature. Cochise, an Apache leader, made a speech in 1872, loosely entitled [I am Alone] that addressed Americans. This was translated by a white man. It is not known how accurate it is, however, it conveys a strong message. Cochise is a proud man, who is always truthful. â€Å"I hereby pledge my word, a word that has never been broken† (1463). He has his doubts about the truthfulness of the Whites whom he watched come in small numbers and had welcomed in friendship. Cochise was confused to their behavior, â€Å"At last your soldiers did me a very great wrong†(1463). When they ... ...can literature you find the accounts of things such as the slaughtering of buffalo and leaving them to rot on the ground, and the United States government forbidding Indians to practice their religious rites and beliefs (Momaday 2507). The history books do not tell these things. History is written by those who write, and often enough by the ones that find themselves in power by gift or coercion. History has dealt the indigenous cultures of America a hard blow. The culture-shock faced by these people, who have dwindled down in number from the vast and populous tribes, is one that is still being felt today. Fortunately more and more Native American literature is being written and discovered. From these accounts, verse, and prose and insight can be gained into these proud people who are living in another man's world, once theirs, and have paid to do so ever since.

Canadian Blood Services IMC Essay

INTRODUCTION â€Å"Oscar Wilde once said that youth is wasted on the young. But investing in the future, the leaders of tomorrow, is more than just good business sense – it’s a necessity for survival and success† – Dr. Graham Sher, CEO of Canadian Blood Services (Pulse Magazine, 2012). Canadian Blood Services is a not-for-profit organization that operates across Canada, excluding Quebec. The objective of Canadian Blood Services is to encourage and receive blood donations through safe and secure methods to help Canadians who need blood transfusions (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). There is an increasing need for blood and blood donations across Canada. Of the current Canadian population, â€Å"the baby boomer generation remains the most loyal in terms of donating blood, while younger generations are significantly less likely to donate on a frequent basis† (Renwick-Shields, 2013). As the baby boomers age, Canadian Blood Services must find new ways to reach the you nger generations, including the fastest growing segment, the Millennials. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION How can Canadian Blood Services increase the number of BC Millennial whole blood donors by 20,000 by March 31, 2015? The target number of donors is based on the previous years’ statistics of Millennial donations (age 17-34), according the Canadian Blood Services data provided (Bird, 2014a). The target number is a percentage of half the total Millennial population of BC in 2012, as typically only half the population is eligible to donate (Renwick-Shields, 2013). The problem statement is specific to BC as a test market. The timeline is based on Canadian Blood Services’ fiscal year, beginning April 1, 2014 and ending March 31, 2015. KEY FINDINGS According to Canadian Blood Services, on average, every 60 seconds, someone in Canada requires blood or a blood product (2013). The demand for blood is not subsiding, increasing at a steady rate of 2% per year (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). To be an eligible donor, volunteers must meet many stringent requirements, including a minimum age of 17, sufficient levels of iron and hemoglobin in blood, and disclosure of health and travel history.

Engineering Project Management Essay

.) Why do most people get the order of development that is from objectives/constrains to scope, back the front? Does it means that they don’t know what they are doing, but rather they are going to through motions in a mechanical/ unit thinking fashion? Or are the people unaware of the components of systematic problem solving and how fit together? Answer: Most people do prepare to get the order of development that is from objectives/ constrain to scope, /back front because people wants it to have the answer of their needs and wants as directly to the point or succinctly enough to the correct answer. People seem to be very economical and time conscious as well. Also right order hinders to focus on objectives why one should make interest to the order. To people whom did order that is from objective know a lot if the program or has already that vast knowledge of the program. Related studies of the brand and Brand Communications: Understanding the relationship between consumers and brand is crucial to differentiation in word products as well as to communicate effectively with them. This course is devoted to its analysis to what the brand mean to the consumers through different career and lecture, including models that give clues on issues as investment needs and communication disciplines better suited to reach effective marketing targets. Hence, showing above examples give the idea that customer has a very good background and knowledge of the program order. Thus mostly they should have to see to it that the orders they will aim to suit their knowledge or facts they learn beforehand to ensure better development they sought to aim. The users awareness are very much acquainted with their responsibilities that’s why they are looking on orders that is sought to direct needs they wanted to have. Likewise, people all knows much the suitable problems that are suited to the systematic answer to the problem. There is no doubt have the ignorance of people to those people ordered such program. Mostly they do have already the knowledge to reach out the needs of the problem for themselves. Q2.) Consider a project with which you have been involved and consider the time horizons of the program involve. How many programs were necessary and what time horizon was used in each program? Answer: Upper level program simplified example a project involving a conference. (Work parcel names have been abbreviated because of spaces limitations – work items are simplified.) For this program example, needs to consider the time horizon involve. Considering the presentation the representation of the program having overall program, which is the major work, showed also major parcels, milestone and key resources. Then the next presentation is for a medium range program showing details over the next shorter program that follows then the daily program. By looking at the presentation there was four programs involve and can be taken into consideration each of which has different time horizon depending on the task or degree of emphasis the program to consider. There is that time constrain from the highest level down to next level. The time allotment differs like from highest rank that needs a biggest time allotted, followed by the next higher time consumption then next followed by the lowest time allotment. In the lower level, the time is given daily task compared to other program as well. Now it must to see to it that at different levels of program it has also different time horizon so that we have to make good at the start since there was that saying, the first impression last. Meaning, that the starting work program should be done perfectly so that it may issue along with the preliminary project program, a tendency will occur that entire project will develop into a detailed execution and a well-planned program. Q3.) Why do you believed there have been no negligence action brought against project managers? Do all project managers act in a reasonable industry accepted fashion? Do all project finish on schedule under cost and to better than expected quality? Answer: Project managers belong to the senior management program in a higher level. Owner per see took all the risk provided by the company. So no one dares to questions negligence action brought against the manager since he or she was the brain of the system. All the decision and moves of the manager should all followed by the subordinates. Well for humanitarian reason there were a case also that subordinates can react bad action or decision made by the manager. So probably the subordinate go against the manager and questions his personal actions maybe. So tendency the subordinates will questions the credibility of the manager. Well, we can take into accounts that manger is a human being so he has or she has that weaknesses too. But a fact that the managers are the one manages the company; the subordinates in humanitarian reason can right away react to what her or his fashion to go against the manager. Not all project finish on scheduled time of deadline were all under cost and to better than that of expected quality. If in case such situation to occur then that is one of its kind to cherish and to prioritized if ever the next project will come, it will be the best model or should to follow in the future activity. But usually if the project finishes under cost, it is expected that the results sometime below or maybe just meet the quality that is expected to come. No wonder that cost and expenses will goes hand in hand in quality products. Now a days seldom or none at all you could find under cost that has good quality. The reason is the fact that economy underwent in all aspect of society. Q4.) Why are people found it hard to define the scope and detail of the work involved in project management? Answer: People find it hard to define the scope and details of the work involve in project management since in every company has its own principle of management. In each company there is varied principle that is injected in the management of the company. The reasons of these are depending on the needs and interest of the company scope of preparation. So for us people who are just followers or subordinates just depend on the outcomes but not the makers of such. Not all people knows or knowledgeable enough to the process and what’s was going on the company itself. There is that so called hidden documents that are not supposed to be displayed on public for security purpose and reason. The same a person even how one so introvert to showed what was her or his personality will be to the public but still she or he has that attitude that only him or her knows better. Such characteristics are also present in every company to be a successful one. It should be the case to be done to hide some documents coz might be other program or company will imitate the success of one company so the identity might be duplicated and that identity of the company can be protected as well. Q5.) Tender documents usually comprise the following,   . All notice(s) to tender . All condition of tendering (including form of tender) . The general conditions of contract (to be) . The special contract (to be) . The specification . The drawings . The schedule of rates (prices)/bill of quantities of rates (if any) * List other special arrangement of which you are aware that sometimes hold during the tender period? Answer: The period of adjustment is very crucial period. This is called the tender period in which starting transaction will be done tenderly. But if with stress and plenty of commands will make it very confusing on the part of the doer. So at tender period all notices should be imparted one at a time. No overlapping and should be short and concise so confusion will be avoided. Conclusions and generalization are made to be clear and worth discussing, so the doer can easily grasp and understand the matter. Other special arrangement to considered at tender period is to put into details the rules and policies that imposed in the process so it will goes smoothly along with the rest of accompanying rules and regulation posted. Primarily these rules and regulations must be clear and understood well by every member in the company. Q6.) Is it possible to have one section of the tender documents purely related to administrative matters, and one section purely related to contractual matters/or they necessarily linked. Explain your view. Answer: In my own view, there must be a separate confidential section of tender documents that is for purely related to administrative matter and separate to contractual matter. Not necessarily that the two tender contacts link together but both must only parallel to each other. The reason why they should be separated because per records must have their own identity for the purpose but has its only one aims for the success of the project. Matters that is confidential, not proper to discuss openly to the public for discussion or what so ever. That confidential matter is only good for inner transaction that only the one concerned knows the secrecy of the documents but it should all documents parallel for the purpose of improvements and success of the program as well. In other words, it is by virtue of the fact that mangers are organizationally compelled to make a difference to the resources they combined via performing the function of planning, organizing, leading, controlling, etc., that certainly characteristics of the managing task. Lets take into consideration an example of principles. â€Å" Neo-Marxist perspective on management has emphasized the centrality of management contract in securing transformation of labor power to actual labor in context of capitalist relation of production† ( Ackroyd, Stephen. Page 38.). Reference: Realist Perspective on Management and Organization Contribution. Stephen Ackroyd- editor, Steve Fleetwood, Publisher :Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year; 2000. Page no. 38.

Free Essays on Parkinson Disease

Parkinson Disease What is Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease is a brain disorder. It occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die or become impaired. Normally, these cells produce a vital chemical known as dopamine. Dopamine allows smooth, coordinated function of the body's muscles and movement. When approximately 80% of the dopamine-producing cells are damaged, the symptoms of Parkinson disease appear. What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease? The loss of dopamine production in the brain causes the primary symptoms of Parkinson disease. The key signs of Parkinson disease are: Tremor (shaking) Slowness of movement Rigidity (stiffness) Difficulty with balance Other signs of Parkinson disease may include: Small, cramped handwriting Stiff facial expression Shuffling walk Muffled speech Depression Who gets Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease affects both men and women in almost equal numbers. It shows no social, ethnic, economic or geographic boundaries. In the United States, it is estimated that 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, joining the 1.5 million Americans who currently have Parkinson disease. While the condition usually develops after the age of 65, 15% of those diagnosed are under 50. How is Parkinson disease diagnosed? The process of making a Parkinson disease diagnosis can be difficult. There is no X-ray or blood test that can confirm Parkinson disease. A physician arrives at the diagnosis only after a thorough examination. Blood tests and brain scans known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms. People suspected of having Parkinson disease should consider seeking the care of a neurologist who specializes in Parkinson disease. What is the treatment for Parkinson disease? There are a number of effective medicines that help to ease... Free Essays on Parkinson Disease Free Essays on Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease What is Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease is a brain disorder. It occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die or become impaired. Normally, these cells produce a vital chemical known as dopamine. Dopamine allows smooth, coordinated function of the body's muscles and movement. When approximately 80% of the dopamine-producing cells are damaged, the symptoms of Parkinson disease appear. What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease? The loss of dopamine production in the brain causes the primary symptoms of Parkinson disease. The key signs of Parkinson disease are: Tremor (shaking) Slowness of movement Rigidity (stiffness) Difficulty with balance Other signs of Parkinson disease may include: Small, cramped handwriting Stiff facial expression Shuffling walk Muffled speech Depression Who gets Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease affects both men and women in almost equal numbers. It shows no social, ethnic, economic or geographic boundaries. In the United States, it is estimated that 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, joining the 1.5 million Americans who currently have Parkinson disease. While the condition usually develops after the age of 65, 15% of those diagnosed are under 50. How is Parkinson disease diagnosed? The process of making a Parkinson disease diagnosis can be difficult. There is no X-ray or blood test that can confirm Parkinson disease. A physician arrives at the diagnosis only after a thorough examination. Blood tests and brain scans known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms. People suspected of having Parkinson disease should consider seeking the care of a neurologist who specializes in Parkinson disease. What is the treatment for Parkinson disease? There are a number of effective medicines that help to ease...

Writing to save the world - Emphasis

Writing to save the world Writing to save the world If youre suffering from writers block at the moment, spare a thought for the civil servants behind todays G20 summit. By 3.30 today, they have to write the statement that could determine whether the recovery kicks off or crumbles. Mind you, there are some who suggest it was written days ago. See here.

Critical Analysis Paper-Ethnographic Observation of a Sub-culture Essay

Critical Analysis Paper-Ethnographic Observation of a Sub-culture - Essay Example The punk subculture is a youth subculture that is based on Punk Rock music. Although the subculture has its own sets of subcultures, there are general features that describe the punk subculture. The observation of the subculture was conducted in New York City on 16th February, 2012, and the observation revolved around a group of punk youths as they hang out together in the evening. An analysis of the group, their similarities and differences clearly indicates that their behaviors fulfill the definition of a subculture. Generally, the behaviors held by the punk members are significantly different from those observable in other people in the mainstream society. They are mainly identified by their theatrical use of hairstyles, clothing, tattoos, extensive body piercing and jewelry. The life of the group members is centered on listening to punk rock and attending live concerts where this kind of music is played. This is an aggressive genre of rock music mainly played in small bands and the punk members like it when it is played very loud. Most of these songs are short and simple and their lyrics express punk ideologies and values. A distinctive feature of the group is the Mohawk hairstyle. Both sides of the head are shaven, but the middle part is left. For some of the members, the middle hairs were very long, protruding as sharp bristles and for some, it was short. Some has also colored these hairs with red dyes. Most group members preferred tartan trousers, tight drainpipe jeans, t-shits and leather jackets that are decorated with metal studs, spikes, pins and painted band logos. Common footwear were boots, skate shoes and converse sneakers. Just as Brake (1985) reveals, squatting is a common thing among punks. They love going put in groups and support one another in terms of shelter and provisions. They form local scenes having few members in small towns and thousands in big cities. Based on observations of language, wardrobe, gender roles, religion,

Brown vs. Board of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brown vs. Board of Education - Essay Example In issuing the verdict on May 17, 1954, the Court set aside the ruling in Plessy v Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which had permitted states to segregate the education system within their jurisdiction provided there were similar facilities in black and white schools. Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court noted that â€Å"separate but equal† policy had actually triggered massive inequality in the US’s education system (Rose 325). The decision essentially triggered a flurry of reactions by the supportive civil rights movement and was attributed to the significant integration of education in the United States around the mid-20th century. In 1896, a similar case had reached the Supreme Court, but one which legitimized segregation based on the â€Å"separate but equal† principle. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the majority decision led by Justice Brown held that the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was clearly categorical that an ideal system should be one in which all communities are guaranteed equal protection in separate institutions (Smikle 39). The Court argued that the constitution recognized differences and separations based on color, race, ethnicity and other social and political factors, hence the legality of segregation in government-run schools. Owing the persistence of social divisions and the disproportionately lower level of education among blacks since 1896, the plaintiffs brought up a class action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in the US’s Kansas District Court in 1951. The claimants comprised of more than a dozen parents whose who felt that their children had been denied their constitutional rights by the then Topeka School District. The parents’ attempt to register their children in education facilities which were nearest to them was denied on the basis of segregation policy. Their denial of an education opportunity prompted them to seek court’s guidance on the issue (Rose